SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

AUXILIARY	USES	EXAMPLE
May	1. formal permission	1.  The government has revealed that the inflation rate this year may increase to 7 percent from the initial assumption of 5.4 percent as stated in the 2012 state budget due to the plan to increase subsidized fuel prices as of April 1.
	2.  less than 50% certainty	2. Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is taken.
Might	1. less than 50% certainty	1. The House of Representatives might reject a number of Financial Service Authority (OJK) commissioner candidates if they are found to have questionable track records.
	2. polite request (rare)	2
Should	1. advisability	1. . he should figure the change in prospective cost into the decision-making and re-evaluate his decision.
	2. 90% certainty	2.  I think we should develop these bits of infrastructure, and build a navbar to go with them
Ought to	1. advisability	1. I thought that, as a scientific man, I ought to know something about economics.
	2. 90% certainty	2. I don't think it ought to be redirected
Be to	1. strong expectation	1. In 2012, our priority will be to develop the untilization of CBM to generate power
Must	1.  strong expectation	1.
	2. 95% certainty	2. If Japan can produce better autos than Detroit, there must be some inherent locational logic, else the market would not dictate that result
Have to	1. necessity	1. And that means you have to understand that not only is there this reality that’s crimping your effort to do business
	2. lack of necessity (negative)	2. When it is said you do not have to pay income tax, what it means is you do not have to pay income tax if you can prove that you do not owe any for that given year
will	1. 100% certainty	1. In other words, government spending will keep sucking money out of the private sector, only the payment method will be different.
	2. willingness	2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this right.
Be going to	1. 100% certainty	1
	2. definite plan	2.  And so you’re going to have to be looking at models, but I think that part of what brought us into this crisis—I said it was complacence
Can	1. impossibility	1. Sorry I can't be of more help on the substance though
	2. informal permission	2.  In the case of a movie ticket that has already been purchased, the ticket-buyer can choose between the following two end results if he realizes that he doesn't like the movie
Could	1. impossibility	1. For investors, the timing couldn't be better
	2. suggestion	2. Perhaps we could have an over-arching "project" which serves as an umbrella for all Finance
Be able to	1. ability	1. I wanted to be able to show it off to my friends
Would	1. polite request	1.  Honda would not only produce automobile in Indonesia to fulfill local demands
	2. preference	2. He added that HPM would not introduce any new models to support sales in Indonesia.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Dalam tata bahasa inggris, conditional sentence atau kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat yang membahas aplikasi atau sebab kenyataan atau dugaan sementara pada sebuah situasi atau akibat. Dan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sering kita berandai-andai. Misalnya, seandainya (jika) ayah saya masih hidup, saya akan membuatnya bahagia. Seandainya saya mempunyai banyak uang, saya akan mengajak ayah dan ibuku pergi menunaikan ibadah haji. Seandainya saya punya adik, saya akan membahagiakannya, dan seterusnya.  Kalimat-kalimat seperti ini merupakan contoh-contoh dari conditional sentences.

Jadi, Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian adalah suatu kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan,harapan, dan rencana yang mungkin masih bisa terjadi dan mungkin hanya angan-angan saja

Dalam bahasa Inggris, conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:

a.       digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.

b.       digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).

a.      FUTURE TIME

RUMUS :

If + S + Present Tense, S + Modal auxiliary (will, can, may, must) + Verb1

                                            

if clause bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat. Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak diperlukan.

Contoh:

1.      If i have time, i will go to kaito’s party ( Jika aku punya waktu, aku akan pergi ke pesta kaito)

Fact : it is possible if i have time

2.      If I have the money, I will give it to you.  (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu)

Fact : it is possible that i have money

3.      If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 8 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 8 malam)

Fact : it is possible that you keep driving on high speed

4.      I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat)

Fact : it is possible that i study hard

b.      SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

RUMUS :

If + S + Verb 2, S + Modal auxiliary (would,could,might) + Verb 1

Contoh:                                                                                                            

1.      If i had a car, i would go around the city

Fact : i don’t have a car now, so i don’t go around the city

2.      If i knew Kaito’s phone, i would call him

Fact : i dont know Kaito’s phone number, so i don’t call him

3.      If the teacher didn’t speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about. (Jika guru itu tidak berbicara dengan cepat, saya dapat memahami dengan lebih baik apa yang dia sedang ajarkan).

Fact : the teacher speaks quickly, so that, I can’t understand well what he is teaching about.

4.      He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini).

Fact : he can’t hug me, because, he is not here.

5.      If I had a pair of wings, I would fly high. (Jika saya punya sepasang sayap, saya mungkin terbang tinggi).

Fact : I don’t have a pair of wings, I cannot fly high.

Perhatikan:

1.      Selalu gunakan be “were”; Be “Was” tidak pernah digunakan dalam unreal conditional (lihat contoh 2).

2.      Jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat positif (affirmative), faktanya harus dalam kalimat negatif. Sebaliknya, jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat negatif, maka faktanya harus dalam kalimat positif.

3.      SIMPLE PAST TENSE

RUMUS :

If + S + had + Verb 3, S + Modal auxiliary (would,could,might) + have + Verb 3

Contoh:                                                              

1.      If she had got the money, she would have bought a house ( Jika dia telah mendapatkan uang, dia akan telah membeli sebuah rumah)

Fact : she didn’t get the money so she didn’t buy a house

2.      If you had won the speech contest, you would have got the prize ( Jika kamu telah memenangkan lomba pidato itu, kamu akan telah menerima hadiahnya)

Fact : you didn’t win the speech contest, so you didn’t get the prize

3.      If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you ( Jika anda mengatakan masalah itu pada saya, saya akan membantu anda).

Fact : you didn’t tell me anything so i didn’t help you

4.      If Robby had not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan (jika Robby tidak pergi nonton film (di bioskop) tadi malam, dia tidak akan berjumpa dengan Susan).

Fact : Robby went to a movie last night, then, he met Susan.

5.      If the German football team had played well, it could have beaten Spanish team (jika team sepak bola Jerman bermain bagus, team itu dapat mengalahkan team Spanyol).

Fact : German foot ball team didn’t play well, it couldn’t beat the Spanish team.

6.      You could have answered the questions well If you had studied well last night (kamu dapat menjawab soal-soal dengan baik, jika kamu belajar dengan baik tadi malam).

Fact : you couldn’t answer the questions well, because, you didn’t study well last night.

Perhatikan: Unreal condition yang kedua ini juga dapat diekspresikan dengan menempatkan auxiliary had di awal kalimat. Arti kalimat tidak berubah. Dalam hal ini, kata if tidak digunakan. Jika formula berikut yang digunakan, main clause selalu ditempatkan di belakang (setelah sub-clause).

RUMUS :

Had + S + Verb3, S + Modal auxiliary (Would, could, might) + have + Verb 3

Contoh:                                                                                                              

1.      Had Robby not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan.

2.      Had the German football team played well, it could have beaten the Spanish team.

3.      Had you studied well last night, you could have answered the questions well

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Riyanto, Slamet dan Tumijo.2011.”99% Sukses TOEFL”. Jakarta:Buku Seru
2. http://masday-ojan.blogspot.com/2010/03/conditional-sentences.html